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Levels 3 and 4 table
At levels 3 and 4 - review the basic ideas from levels 1 and 2, and add detail and extend the range of these basic ideas. Aim for your learners to understand the following ideas:
- Focus on the function of parts of the sentence: predicate, subject, direct object, various other phrases/comments, for example: comments of place and time.
- Negatives of simple verbal sentences.
- Negatives of simple nominal sentences.
- Complex sentences: co-ordination of phrases and of clauses.
- Introduction to the idea of subordination, subordinate clauses, clauses that cannot stand alone.
- Introduction to adverbial clauses.
- Various types of comments, and their place in sentences, for example: comments of place and time.
- The verbal particles: introduce a range of tense, aspect and mood markers.
- Verbs: focus on experience and neuter or stative verbs.
- Nouns: focus on locatives or local nouns.
- Focus on adjectives, adding comparatives and superlatives.
- Focus on post-posed particles, for example: directional, locative and manner particles.
- More on interrogative words, tēhea? ēhea? he aha … ai? nahea?
- Numbers and counting above 100, adding the prefix taki-.
- How to use quantity words such as maha, tini, iti / paku, nui / rahi, katoa.
- The form and effect of the nominal suffix.
- The forms and effects of reduplication.
- The form and meaning of compound words.
| Levels 3 and 4 | References to Harlow, 2001 | Harlow pages | References to Head, 1989 (available online) | Head pages |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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Negatives: negating possessive sentences ehara, for example: Ehara au nō Porirua | Possessive predicates | 150-152 | ||
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Negatives: negating location sentences kāore, for example: Kāore au i Porirua | Predicates of place with kei, i, hei | 152-153 | ||
| Other negatives |
Predicates beginning with hei Other negation types | 153 | ||
| Review: negating simple verbal sentences | Negation of simple sentences Sentences whose predicate is a verb phrase |
141-153 143-147 |
Negative action sentences Negative passive action sentences |
50-53 60 |
| Verbal sentences - extend the range of verbal particles (tense, aspect and mood markers); see also experience verbs and neuter verbs under word classes below |
kia i te me kei |
54-56 56-57 59 59-60 61-62 | ||
|
Negatives of verbal sentences - extend the range: kaua, kāti, kāore anō …kia |
Negative constructions Sentences whose predicate is a verb phrase |
142-143 143-147 | ||
| Complex sentences and phrases: focus on coordination (two items of the same 'rank' are joined) | Co-ordination | 181-185 | ||
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Coordination of phrases using me, for example:te mīti me te kūmara | me | 183-184 | ||
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Coordination of phrases using hoki, for example:te mīti, te kūmara hoki | hoki | 184 | ||
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Coordination of clauses / sentences by placing one phrase or clause next to another – juxtaposition, Ka tū rātou, ka katakata | Co-ordination by juxtaposition | 182 | ||
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Coordination of clauses / sentences using ā, Ka tū rātou, ā, ka katakata | ā | 185 | ||
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The second phrase explains the one before it – apposition Ko taku hoa, a Manu … | Apposition | 185 | ||
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Fronting for emphasis (putting important information at the beginning of the sentence.) for example: Ko Manu i tae atu ki te kura | Fronting transformations | 193-196 | ||
| Complex sentences: introduce subordination, more straightforward types of subordinate clauses |
Complex sentences Adverbial clauses |
234-235 239-252 |
| Adverbs and adverbials – words, phrases and clauses – provide information in the sentence about things such as place, time, cause, reason, purpose and manner |
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Fronting for emphasis (putting important information at the beginning of the sentence.) for example: Ko Manu i tae atu ki te kura | Fronting transformations | 193-196 | ||
|
Adverbials of time, for example: āpōpō, ā tērā wiki, i nāianei, i te Rāhoroi |
Comments of time Time expressions Fronted comments of time Clauses of time |
168 287-296 200-202 238-244 | ||
|
Adverbials of place kei te wharenui, kei te kura, i te kāinga, ki te marae |
Comments of place i or ki? |
167-168 175-176 | ||
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Adverbials of reason, for example: He aha koe i tangi ai? |
Comments of reason Clauses of reason |
41 246-248 | ||
|
Adverbials of purpose, for example: Hōmai tō moni kei ngaro. Kua haere atu ia ki reira mahi ai | Comments of purpose Clauses of purpose |
56, 58, 60, 62, 64 244-246 253-254 255 | ||
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Expressing habitual action, for example: He hoko kai taku mahi i ngā Rāhoroi. Haere ai au ki te marae ki te āwhina. Ko tēnei te marae e tū ai ngā hui kapa haka |
Habitual aspect e … ai Table 7.2 |
58 262 263 | ||
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Focus on types of commands, for example: E noho. Haere ki te kura. Whakarongo ki te kaiako Kimihia te kupu tika Ka haere tātou Me hoki mai ā tērā wiki Kia kaha | Commands | 216-222 | ||
|
Questions Review yes-no questions and WH- questions, introduce alternative questions, for example: Kei te hiahia koe ki te noho mai, ki te haere rānei? | Alternative questions | 224-225 |
Questions: identity sentences Classification sentences Action sentences State sentences N-class possession sentences Location sentences Counting sentences |
12-16 38 53-55 80-81 87-89 94-95 122-123 |
| Identify the parts of sentences, the structure/form of phrases or comments and their function/uses or role in the sentence: for example: predicate, subject, direct object, indirect object, adverbial |
| Word classes | ||||
| Numbers above 100 | ||||
| Quantity and size words. for example: maha, tini, iti, paku, nui, rahi | ||||
| Nouns: review basic information on nouns: common, personal | Nouns | 20-29 | ||
|
Nouns: focus in more detail on locative / local nouns, for example: tātahi, tai, uta, runga, roto etc. | Locative nouns | 21-28 | ||
| Verbs: review verbs from levels 1 and 2 | Transitive verbs, intransitive verbs | 29-31 | ||
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Verbs: experience verbs, for example:pīrangi, hiahia, mōhio, rongo | Experience verbs | 30-31 | ||
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Verbs: neuter / stative verbs, for example: mate, mahue, whati, pau | Neuter verbs | 31 | ||
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Neuter verb agents, for example: Kua oti i a au te mahi Kua mahue au i te pahi Kua pakaru te wini i a Manu | ‘i’ phrase as agent of neuter verb; Agents of neuter verbs |
77 166 | ||
| Verb particles (tense, aspect, mood markers): review those previously introduced and extend the range | ka, kia, i te, me, kei |
54-56 56-57 59 59-60 | ||
| Adjectives | Adjectives | 32-33 | ||
|
Preposed modifiers, for example: tino, āta, āhua, mātua, etc. Me āta haere. Kua āhua paru. Kei te tino makariri au | Modifiers which precede their heads | 47-50 | ||
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Haere as a modifier, for example: Kei te pau haere aku moni Kua iti haere te kai | Adjectives and neuter verbs plus haere | 46-47 | ||
| Kei te rapu haere ia i ana hū | ||||
| Verbs: about how to use 'taea' | Excursus on taea | 191-192 | ||
| Review plural and dual pronouns | ||||
| Review and add detail on plural and dual possessive pronouns | Possessive determiners | 69-74 | ||
| Add detail on ā / ō categories of possession - explore meanings in more depth | Comments following nouns | 157-163 | ||
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Postposed particles: review directional and locative particles, introduce manner particles, for example: kau, kē, noa, rawa, tonu - manner mai, atu, ake, iho - directional nei, nā, rā - locative |
Structure of the post-posed periphery Order of particles Manner particles Directional particles Locative particles | 85-86 86-88
89-94 | ||
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Rite tonu ‘just like’ Rite tonu ia ki a Kiri Te Kanawa ki te waiata | tonu | 93-94 | ||
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Mā / Nā – actor emphatic Mā wai e mahi? Nā Manu i mau mai | Actor emphatic |
30 196-199 | ||
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Review and extend nā / nō possession, and the forms Nāku, nōu, nō rātou etc. Nōku te whare rā Nāku tēnā pukapuka | nā / nō |
81 157-158 | ||
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Focus on mā / mō possession, and the possessive forms māku, mōu, mō rātou, etc. Mā ngā tamariki aua pukapuka | mā / mō | 81-82 | ||
| He kāinga tērā mō te manu | ||||
| Word formation | ||||
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Reduplication - full and partial - and its meanings, for example:tiro, titiro, tirotiro paki, papaki; pakipaki | Reduplication | 113-118 | ||
| Plural form of some nouns: kinship terms (vowel infix – lengthened vowel in plural.) for example: tipuna, tīpuna. Plural form of some words when used as adjectives, for example: nui, nunui | Plural Partial reduplication: adjectives | 20-21 114-115 | ||
| Review: whaka- as a transitivising prefix | whaka- added to adjectives, neuter verbs and intransitive verbs | 122-123 | ||
| whaka- with nouns 'to become a …' | whaka- with nouns | 124 | ||
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number prefix taki- (distributive) takitahi, takiwhā Me mahi takirua | taki- | 119-120 | ||
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ā- prefix for example: ā-kanohi, ā-ringa, ā-iwi, ā-tau | ā- with nouns | 125-126 | ||
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Suffixes: nominal, for example:-nga, -tanga, -hanga mahinga, tīmatanga, tangihanga | The nominalisation suffix | 129-131 | ||
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Compounding, compound words, for example:wharenui, Rāhoroi, koretake | Compounds | 131-132 |